Abstract
This study examines the moderating roles of economic development and research and development (R&D) in shaping the relationship between information and communication technology (ICT) and renewable energy transition. A proposed panel GMM-based methodology augmented with controls for cross-sectional dependence (CCE-GMM) was applied for this purpose. The methodology is applied to 38 OECD countries spanning the period 1994 - 2023. The results reveal that R&D and economic development enhance the effects of ICT on renewable energy transition, accelerating the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption. These findings highlight the need for integrated policy strategies that jointly promote ICT infrastructure and R&D investment, calibrated to countries’ levels of economic development, to accelerate renewable energy deployment.