Abstract
Plants in the Annonaceae and Pentaclethra genus are well known for their anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-microbial, abortifacient, and anthelminthic activities. The current research was directed at screening naturally occurring compounds from Anonidium mannii and Pentaclethra macrophylla. The stembark of A. mannii and P. macrophylla were chopped, dried, and crushed, giving a powder weighing 2.50 kg for A. mannii and 5.00 kg for P. macrophylla respectively. The powdered plant materials were further extracted to obtain a mass of 40.43 g A. mannii and 73.41 g P. macrophylla of crude extract respectively, which was subjected to silica gel column chromatographic separation, giving six chemical components. The components were characterized to be 3S,10S,13R,14R,17R)-17-((2R)-5-hydroxy-6-methylhept-6-en-2-yl)-4,44,4,10,13,14-pentamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,10,12,13,14,1w5,16,17-dodecahedron-1H-clopenta[a]phenanthrene-3-ol (Anomanol P) (1), along with other 5 known compounds ascertained as 9-hydroxy-8-methoxyphenanthridin-6(5H)-one (2), lanosta7,9(11),23-triene-3b,15a-diol (Anomanol A) (3), polycarpol (4), stigmasterol (5), and bergenin (6).
The foundation of customary use of A. mannii and P. macrophylla to treat prostate tumors was also assessed using the MTT test and it was observed at optimal doses of 12.5 - 100μg/mL, that AM and PM extract strongly suppressed human prostate cancer cell lines (DU145, LNCaP, and PC3), whereas the isolates (Compounds 1, 2, 4, and 5) noticeably retarded the development of human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, DU145, PC3, and HMEC). Compound 2’s anticancer mechanism was further investigated by examining cell propagation, cell cycle, cell damage processes, and cell relocation, which validated the compounds potential to work effectively as an active pharmaceutical ingredient against prostate cancer.
The compounds obtained through chromatographic isolation of the stem bark of Anonidium mannii crude extract were screened along with antibacterial drugs against resistant microorganisms (7 Gram-negative bacteria strains: Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Escherischia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 5 Gram-positive bacteria strains: Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycobacterium smegmatis). The most significant antibacterial potentials were noted from compound 2 which inhibited the 12 bacterial strains with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values varying from 15.625 - 250 μg/mL, while the other chemical constituents had MIC values varying from 15.625 - 250 μg/mL, in which these results justified the use of A. mannii in treatment of some bacterial infections in conventional medicine.
The DCM/Methanol extract of P. macrophylla was screened against 2 bacterial strains to evaluate its efficacy and possible bioactive components present in the extract. Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry was used to ascertain the extract's phytochemical composition (GC-MS). The extract demonstrated a wide range of antimicrobial properties, with a reduction in percent viability of 62.68% against Escherischia coli, at 50 mg/mL and a reduction in percent viability of 15.39% against Staphylococcus aureus at 50 mg/mL. fifteen metabolites that may be the source of the extract's antibacterial activity were confirmed by GC-MS analysis
vii
of the sample. The most abundant compounds observed included 1H-1,2,3-triazole 14.57% (15), 2-methylheptanoic acid 14.04% (2), sedoheptulosan tetrabenzoate 9.94% (13), N-cinnamoyl-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-aminomalonic acid, diethyl ester 9.45% (11), and 1-pentene, 4,4-dimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-1-(trimethylsilyloxy)- 9.41% (14). Lastly, bergenin a highly valuable active pharmaceutical that has been reported to possess anti-bradykinin, anti-urolithiasis, neuroprotective, anti-infective, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-hyperuricemic, and anti-cancer characteristics was isolated from Pentaclethra macrophylla plant extract in economically feasible quantities of 0.03%.