Abstract
The South African residential sector has energy difficulties linked to supply, dependability, price, and environmental sustainability. Load shedding, which reduces system strain but causes widespread annoyance and economic disruption, leads to a large percentage of the population struggling with unstable energy. Environmental issues arise from the nation's coal-based energy use and carbon emissions. The aim of the study is to assess the implementation of energy management in residential buildings in Bloemfontein, South Africa. The study also examined the potential of energy management systems (EMS) to address these issues by improving energy infrastructure, promoting clean and cost-effective energy resources, and boosting energy efficiency. This research work adopted the Delphi technique, which is a systematic and structured approach to gathering insights and reaching a consensus on complex issues or uncertainties. It involved assembling and sourcing data from a panel of experts with relevant knowledge and expertise in residential energy management (EM). The study experts participated anonymously through two iterative rounds. After the first round, the results were summarised and fed back to the experts, allowing them to revise their responses. This process continued until a consensus or convergence of opinions was achieved, and in the study, the consensus was reached on round two of the Delphi. Descriptive analysis was adopted in the analysis of the study data. The results show that solar panel systems, LED lighting systems, energy monitors and meters, and battery energy storage systems are Bloemfontein's most popular domestic energy management solutions, according to the survey. Real-time tracking and cost reductions are benefits of these systems. The survey also found that knowledge and comprehension are the main impediments to household energy management system adoption. Financial restrictions such as limited cash and high upfront fees add to the difficulties. In addition, HVAC control systems, solar panel systems, and smart plugs are the most effective household solutions, according to statistics. Despite broad acceptance of energy-efficient appliances and behavioural changes as successful techniques, building insulation and weatherisation technologies vary widely. The study indicates that property owners, managers, and occupants should be educated on energy management systems to improve their understanding. Moreover, it is imperative that both the government and private sector offer financial support to property owners and managers to cover the initial expenses associated with the installation of the energy management systems (EMS).