Abstract
This study investigates the safe-haven characteristics of three assets, namely gold, crude oil and Bitcoin, and their ability to reduce downside risk of different portfolios during two severe financial crises: the 2008 global financial crisis (GFC) and the 2019 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-2019). We examine the left-tail behaviour of portfolios consisting of 60/40 equity returns and bond yield from six G20 member nations by applying EVT, BMM in the context of portfolio optimisation and examine which selection of safe-haven assets between gold, crude oil and Bitcoin can be amalgamated to the stock/bond mix for an optimal portfolio during crises. The portfolios are from three developed countries: Canada, United States of America (USA) and United Kingdom (UK), while the three emerging countries are Russia, Brazil and South Korea. The sample data is from 2007 to 2009 for the GFC and 2019 to 2023 for COVID-19. The findings of the study show that during the GFC, the addition of gold and crude oil and the combination of the two allowed the heavy Fréchet-type tails to transform into thin Weibull-type tails. This implies that the two assets acted as safe-haven assets during the crisis and gold being the best safe-haven option for all countries. Contrarily, COVID-19 yielded mixed results, all the assets including the digital cryptocurrency acted as a safe haven for only two emerging countries, namely Russia and Brazil, improving both tail behaviours to Weibull-type tails, with gold and Bitcoin serving safe-haven characteristics for both countries.