Abstract
Electrical energy has been known as an essential part of our day-to-day life. Renewable energy resources denote sources of energy that can be regenerated through the natural method within a reasonably short time and can be used to bridge the gap in extended power outages. Achieving a greater percentage of renewable energy (RE) in the energy mix will entail continuous integration efforts into the future. Owing to fossil fuel depletion of and effect of change in climatic conditions, countries of the World are edging towards cleaner, greener, and more sustainable energy sources such as RE and electromobility (e-mobility), amongst other solutions. Despite their importance, they come with their attendant technical challenges such as power quality problems during RE-to-grid (RE2G), vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and charging station/building-to-grid (B2G) integrations. Therefore, this work analysed the effects of renewable energy and electromobility integration into the power transmission and distribution networks. The IEEE 9-Bus system was chosen as the test system. The systems (test system, renewable energy sources and electromobility source) were modelled in MATLAB/SIMULINK® environment. Due to its fast convergence and simplicity, the load flow analysis of the modelled systems was carried out using the Newton – Raphson method of solution. Renewable energy sources (solar photovoltaic and wind) were integrated into the load buses (Buses 5, 6, and 8) interconnected system. It was discovered that the total harmonic distortions were within the acceptable IEC standard of 5%. The modelled electric vehicle was simulated and the total harmonic distortion (THD) was obtained before incorporating a passive filter to reduce the effect of electric vehicle (EV) integration on the distribution network. It was discovered that the filter reduces the THD value from 195% to 0.03%. Thus, filters should be incorporated into EVs to minimise the effect of their integration into the distribution network.