Abstract
Healthy cells are programmed to follow an orderly path of growth, division and death. The slightest disturbance of these processes can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation, which is the main characteristic of cancer. Cancer is a major health issue worldwide and one of the leading causes of death (Torre et al., 2015). Breast cancer is a dangerous disease responsible for most cancer-related deaths among women worldwide (Ferlay et al., 2014). This malignancy has become one of the major challenges faced by the affected women as well as the medical professionals in modern societies and has defied the major evolution of science. Despite the undeniable progress made in the field of cancer treatment, multiple side effects subsequent to the treatment are still major problems encounter and relapse after therapy is often observed. Post therapeutic cancer relapse is due to the failure of conventional therapeutic measures to eradicate malignant cells and it is believed to be caused by a minority cell population know as cancer stem cells (CSCs), which show resistance to these approaches (Mohr et al., 2015; Plaks et al., 2015). Therefore, the development of anti-tumour therapeutic approaches targeting CSCs can lead to more improved post-therapeutic outcomes in advanced stage cancer. Low intensity laser irradiation (LILI) refers to phototherapy using visible light in the wavelength range of 400 to 1000 nm (Abrahamse, 2011). The biomodulatory effect of LILI at the cellular level has made it an innovative treatment modality in a wide range of clinical conditions. Although LILI is capable of inducing both stimulatory and inhibitory responses at the cellular level due to its biphasic dose and wavelength related effects, more attention has been given to its biostimulatory effect and LILI has been used as a non-invasive treatment that has shown remarkable outcomes in reparative or cell replacement therapy, pain control and cancer therapy (Al-Watban et al., 2012; Pastar et al., 2014). In cancer therapy, the biostimulatory effect of LILI has mostly been used to ease the patient’s life by managing the side effects caused by either the conventional treatment...
M.Tech. (Biomedical Technology)