Abstract
D.Litt. et Phil.
Non-violent mass-based protest and resistance by liberation groups have a long history
in the South African context. Prior to the 1980s, they had achieved only minor and
isolated successes. The formation of the United Democratic Front (UDF) in 1983 and
its successful mass protest action against the state to 1990, changed the equation,
however.
The UDF's origin could indirectly be traced back to attempts from the 1950s to launch
mass-based protest and resistance against the apartheid state. Calls for the formation
of a united front against the South African State were made by various persons and
organisations since the 1950s, but it was only by the 1980s that circumstances allowed
the formation of a united front. Demographic realities, urbanisation, the legalisation of
black trade unions, an educated leadership, the growth of a grassroots-based civil
society among blacks, all contributed to make the formation of the UDF a reality.
Protest against the government's tricameral system, initially provided the direct stimulus
for the formation of the UDF during 1983 to 1984. By the end of 1984, the UDF had
built up a wide support base to directly threaten the government's position. The result
was several states of emergency through which the state endeavoured to crush the
UDF-led opposition. The UDF's unique structure, which consisted of affiliates from all
sectors of civil society, including black trade unions as an alliance partner, managed
to survive the state's repressive measures, continued to pressurise the state so that by
1989, under a new head-of-state, the National Party "capitulated" and opened the door
to real elections for a democratic South Africa.
The UDF's strategies were aimed to mobilise the masses and through its mass-based
action, bring maximum pressure to bear on the government. This strategic approach
was executed by employing various tactics, which related to the classic methods of
mass-based non-violent action. In the end, the state's security apparatus proved unable
to cope with the UDF's relentless actions, offset by its inability to act effectively against the UDF as an entity, mainly because of its amorphous structure.
Although other factors, such as economic recession, foreign sanctions, the ANC
campaign to isolate South Africa, among other played a role, the UDF provided the
crucial domestic impetus to illustrate to the South African government, that black
resistance couldn't be suppressed and that the situation would continue to worsen.
Seen against this background, it is unlikely that CODESA would have occurred as soon
as it did without the activities of the UDF throughout the 1980s.