Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) is a complex mixture of organic compounds resulting from the decay of plants and animals. When not properly removed, NOM reacts with disinfectants to form disinfection by-products, of which some are known to be carcinogenic. Regulations have become more and more stringent about the maximum level of NOM in drinking water.
Different water treatment processes can be applied to remove NOM. However, because each process targets specific fractions of NOM, this results in the existence of recalcitrant NOM fractions that are not removed, for each treatment process. The main objective of the study was thus to investigate NOM removal by using three advanced water treatment processes alone and in combination. The processes used were enhanced coagulation, granular activated carbon adsorption and ion exchange resin processes. Strong and weak base ion exchange resins were used. Although NOM removal methods have been investigated intensively, little attention is given to a so-called “multi-barrier” approach of NOM removal through enhanced coagulation, granular activated carbon adsorption and ion exchange resin that could be applied in practice.
In order to take the seasonal and geographical variability of NOM into account, water samples were collected at eight geographical areas over five to seven seasons from 2010 to 2013.
Results showed that different treatment processes remove different NOM fractions with different efficiency. Results also confirmed that EC performs better than the adsorptive treatment processes. But the literature shows that NOM removal by EC is difficult for water with high alkalinity and low SUVA values, which is common with SA waters.
The adsorptive processes used for NOM removal revealed that they are not viable options, because even low percentage of NOM removal would require high adsorbent dosages, which removes this approach as a practical option.