Abstract
The electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) is increasingly recognised as a sixth battlespace domain in military applications and is essential for wireless communications and remote sensing. Due to increasing demand, the EMS is becoming more contested, congested, constrained, and shared. Concurrently, evolving threats, doctrine, and tactics are transforming the modern battlespace such as advances in modern radar systems. These evolving military demands necessitate rapid technological advancements, which are increasingly influenced by industrial revolutions.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) encompassing Industry 4.0, is accelerating technological progress through advances in Artificial intelligence (AI) and smart manufacturing. Some scholars also propose the emergence of Industry 5.0, which emphasises human and machine collaboration. Industrial revolutions have historically been precursors to military revolutions; with the envisioned future battlespace being characterised by highly connected Internet of Military Things (IoMT) geared towards prototype warfare and rapid decision making. This technological evolution directly impacts Electronic Warfare (EW) or Electromagnetic Warfare products, which relies on the EMS for military actions.
EW products need to keep pace by leveraging advances in technology such as AI, direct radio frequency (RF) sampling, RF System on Chip (RFSoC), and ultrawideband antenna arrays. These trends demand technology-intensive innovation in EW products, platforms, and services underpinned by a coherent business-product-technology strategy. To date, literature on strategic...