Abstract
Smallholder paprika farmers in Zimbabwe significantly contribute to local economies and food security but face challenges, such as limited market access, credit, infrastructure, uncertain prices, and insufficient policy support. In the face of these challenges, the survival of smallholder paprika farming depends on adopting sustainable value networks, which reduce costs and improve operational performance. The study examined the effect of sustainable value networks on the performance of smallholder paprika farming in Zimbabwe. This study followed a positivist research philosophy, which is associated with a quantitative research approach. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 288 smallholder paprika farmers in Zimbabwe. A convenience sampling technique was administered in this study. A pilot test was used to evaluate the reliability of the research. Descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted. Structural equation modelling was used to test relationships between the variables. It was established that smallholder paprika farmers are embedded into a complex value network comprised of input value players, e.g., seed suppliers and commercial banks; production value players, e.g., smallholder farmers; processing and market access value players, e.g., public extension workers and mobile services; regulators, and certification bodies, e.g., government agencies and lastly, consumption value players, e.g., wholesalers and retailers who sell paprika to end consumers. Results demonstrate a moderate level of implementation of value networks in smallholder paprika farming characterised by successes and challenges. The findings illustrated resource sharing among smallholder farmers, facilitated by initiatives, such as recycled seed exchange and financial support through village savings and loan associations. In addition, seed suppliers and public extension workers actively engage with smallholder paprika farmers, while research institutes contribute knowledge and technology for improved practices and product quality. However, challenges persist, particularly to market access and financial support. The findings indicate that heavy dependence on intermediaries, restricted direct sales to spice manufacturers and exporters, and limited transport options serve as obstacles to smallholder paprika farmers. It was found that financial institutions present obstacles due to unfriendly lending conditions and high interest rates. The results indicate that the government imposed high taxes on imported seeds which increased production costs, reduced access to quality seeds, decreased yields and lowered incomes to smallholder farmers. This study revealed strained relationships between smallholder paprika farmers and intermediaries, marked by unfair pricing and delayed payments, highlighting a lack of trust. The results reveal
vi
disconnected relationships between smallholder paprika farmers and wholesalers, retailers, as well as consumers. The study concludes that while there is moderate implementation of value networks in smallholder paprika farming in Zimbabwe, characterised by resource sharing and support from other role players, significant challenges in market access, financial support, and direct sales hinder the full realisation of these networks. Addressing these supply chain challenges is key for smallholder paprika farmers to enhance their market access, financial stability, and overall operational success. The result of this study indicates that, even though smallholder paprika farmers in Zimbabwe are often constrained by a lack of resources and by residing in rural areas, there is a notable level of awareness and implementation of green supply chain management practices. It was concluded that there was a positive and indirect relationship between value networks and operational performance through green supply chain management practices and the environmental performance of smallholder farming in Zimbabwe. For smallholder paprika farmers in Zimbabwe, the positive link between value networks, operational performance, green supply chain management practices, and environmental performance indicates that by embracing sustainable practices and leveraging the support and market access provided by value networks, they can enhance their productivity, profitability, and environmental impact which can lead to a more sustainable farming operation. This study contributes to the literature on logistics management by developing a sustainable value network critical path model that can guide smallholder paprika farming in Zimbabwe. This model can provide smallholder paprika farmers with market linkages and access to global supply chains, thus increasing their income and livelihoods.