Abstract
Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) plays a vital role in the livelihoods of millions across Sub-Saharan Africa. It contributes significantly to the global supply of precious metals and critical minerals. However, ASM is often associated with severe environmental degradation and unsafe working conditions. This paper presents an integrated assessment of the geochemical and socioeconomic footprint of small-scale mining, drawing on case studies from Nigeria and South Africa. Field investigations reveal a culture of disregard for environmental protection, resulting in cyanide and heavy metal contamination exceeding permissible regulatory limits. Socioeconomic impacts include the destruction of agricultural land, leading to food insecurity and unemployment, as well as pollution, which raises living costs and can impact public health. To address these challenges, the study proposes a framework for cleaner mineral extraction. These include formalisation of artisanal mining activities, enforcement of mine closure planning, and establishment of designated spaces for small-scale mining activities. The study contributes to ongoing debates on balancing mineral resource exploitation with environmental sustainability, offering policy pathways for transitioning ASM toward cleaner and more responsible mineral production in Sub-Saharan Africa.